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Kurt Eisner (14 May 186721 February 1919)〔"Kurt Eisner - Encyclopædia Britannica" (biography), ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2006, Britannica.com webpage: (Britannica-KurtEisner ).〕 was a German-Jewish journalist, theatre critic, and pacifist. As a socialist journalist and statesman, he organized the Socialist Revolution that overthrew the Wittelsbach monarchy in Bavaria in November 1918.〔 He is used as an example of ''charismatic authority'' by Max Weber.〔Max Weber, (London 1987) p.634〕 Weber referred to Eisner's "war guilt lie" to oust the democratic republic for a communist dictatorship. He proclaimed the Free State of Bavaria. His followers, who included Rosa Luxemburg, were known as "Eisenachers". ==Biography== Kurt Eisner was born in Berlin at 10:15 p.m. on 14 May 1867, to Emanuel Eisner and Hedwig Levenstein, both Jewish. He was married to painter Elisabeth Hendrich from 1892, with whom he had five children, but the couple eventually divorced in 1917 and Eisner then married Elise Belli, an editor. With her, he had two daughters. Eisner studied philosophy, but then became a journalist in Marburg. From 1890 to 1895, he was contributing editor of the ''Frankfurter Zeitung'', during which time he wrote an article attacking Kaiser Wilhelm II, and for which he spent nine months in prison. Eisner was always an open republican as well as a Social-Democrat, joining the SPD in 1898, although for tactical reasons, German Social-Democracy, particularly in its later stages, rather cold-shouldered anything in the shape of republican propaganda as being unnecessary and included in general Social-Democratic aims. Consequently, he fought actively for political democracy as well as Social-Democracy. He became editor of ''Vorwärts'' after the death of Wilhelm Liebknecht in 1900, but was subsequently called upon to resign from the position in 1905. After that, his activities were confined in the main to Bavaria, though he toured other parts of Germany.〔Obituary, Unsigned, Justice, 27 February 1919, p.6; transcribed by Ted Crawford. Please see: http://www.marxists.org/history/international/social-democracy/justice/1919/19_02_27.htm〕 He was chief editor for the ''Fränkische Tagespost'' in Nuremberg from 1907 to 1910, and afterwards became a freelance journalist in Munich. Eisner joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1917, at the height of World War I, and was convicted of treason in 1918 for his role in inciting a strike of munitions workers. He spent nine months in Cell 70 of Stadelheim Prison, but was released during the General Amnesty in October of that year.〔Richard J. Evans ''The Coming of the Third Reich'', 2003.〕 After his release from prison, Eisner organized the revolution that overthrew the monarchy in Bavaria (''see German Revolution''). He declared Bavaria to be a free state and republic on 8 November 1918, becoming the first republican premier of Bavaria. On 23 November 1918, he leaked documents, from the Bavarian plenipotentiary in Berlin during July and August 1914, which he thought proved that the war was caused by "a small horde of mad Prussian military" men as well as "allied" industrialists, capitalists, politicians, and princes.〔Holgar, Herwig (1987) "Clio Deceived: Patriotic self-censorship in Germany after the Great War". ''International Security'' 12(2), 9. ()〕 At the Berne Conference of Socialists, held at Berne, Switzerland, he attacked moderate German socialists over their refusal to acknowledge Germany's guilt in bringing about World War I. For that speech, and for his uncompromising hostility to Prussia, he became bitterly hated by large sections of the German people.〔 As the new government was unable to provide basic services, Eisner's Independent Social Democrats were soundly defeated in the January 1919 election. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kurt Eisner」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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